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Written by Crystal Moore | Last updated 24/07/24
Have you ever questioned an ingredient in your dog's treat? These ingredients may have caught your eye and sparked curiosity and even concern. If this has happened to you, many other dog owners like you are becoming more mindful of what their dog is consuming. As the numbers of concerned dog owners grow, more and more questions arise such as "is this ingredient safe for my dog?".
There are so many dog treats available on the market with different shapes, colours and flavours. We understand how overwhelming it can be to determine which dog treats are safe with this large of a selection. Understanding the ingredients to avoid in dog treats is essential to keep your dog happy and healthy. In this blog, we will highlight key ingredients to avoid in dog treats, helping you make informed choices that contribute to your dog's overall well-being and happiness.
BHA, or butylated hydroxyanisole, is a synthetic antioxidant used to prevent fats and oils in dog treats from becoming rancid. The National Institutes of Health states, "Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.". A report on the effects of BHA on laboratory animals found that it causes benign and malignant tumours of the forestomach in rats and mice.
Another study by Food Chem Toxicol on the effects of BHA on Beagle dogs over a period of 180 days found that no major physical signs of toxicity were observed except for reddish-brown urine. Post-study analysis showed a significant liver weight increase and more. However, no significant lesions were found in the stomach or lower oesophagus.
BHA is amongst the most common artificial preservatives used in dog foods. Although there is data to suggest safe levels of butylated hydroxyanisole for dogs to ingest, it may be wise to avoid dog foods and treats containing BHA.
BHT also known as Butylated Hydroxytoluene is another artificial preservative similar to BHA. BHT is used to preserve fats in dog treats. Research conducted by Charles V. Vorhees and his colleagues found that BHT is considerably more toxic than BHA when fed to rats, causing significant developmental toxicity and behavioural changes, including delayed startle development and increased activity.
BHT is also suspected of being a carcinogen and can cause liver and kidney damage. Although studies have been conducted to test the effects of BHT, there isn't enough data to fully conclude whether or not BHT negatively affects a dog's health. Even without conclusive data on dogs, the data around BHT gives enough concern to opt for dog treats and foods that do not contain this preservative.
Ethoxyquin is a synthetic antioxidant. It is artificially manufactured, which has stoked some controversy and concern among dog owners. Ethoxyquin is approved and regulated by the FDA however, it is banned in both the European Union and Australia. The European Union banned ethoxyquin in 2017 under assimilated regulation, with the last permitted use in June 2020.
Various studies have suggested the potential toxicity of ethoxyquin. For example, a study on six male and six female Beagles indicated that ethoxyquin at higher doses can cause liver enzyme changes and bile stasis in dogs, this data indicated the potential stress on the dog's liver. However, despite these findings, there is still a lack of comprehensive long-term data on the toxicity of ethoxyquin in dogs.
Propylene glycol is commonly used to maintain moisture in dog treats. The concern around propylene glycol is that it carries potential health risks, including anaemia and nervous system damage in dogs. According to the MSD Veterinary Manual, the lethal dose for dogs is approximately 9 mL/kg. A study found that when dogs were fed a diet containing about 8% propylene glycol (2 g/kg/day), it was safely utilised as a carbohydrate energy source without adverse effects. However, at higher concentrations, propylene glycol can cause mild red blood cell destruction, though this effect did not last or was not severe.
Although there isn't enough data to conclude how safe propylene glycol is, it is advisable to avoid this ingredient in your dog's treats.
BHQ, also known as Tertiary Butylhydroquinone, is a synthetic antioxidant and antimicrobial. TBHQ is used to extend the shelf life of dog treats. This known preservative has a lot of concern surrounding it, mainly because some studies have indicated the potential risks associated with high doses of TBHQ. One study researching the impact of TBHQ suggests that at high doses or long-term, TBHQ can "possibly lead to nutritional disorders and chronic diseases". The study also noted that the side effects of TBHQ "can have side effects on human health through activation of inflammatory routes... and triggering of the gradual development of cancers".
Another study on the effects of TBHQ on Beagle dogs found that it may be safe for dogs at lower doses. However, higher doses of TBHQ (5,000 mg/kg) led to minor changes in the dog's blood parameters, such as increased reticulocytes and occasional changes in red blood cells.
The long-term effects of TBHQ on dogs are still unknown. However, considering the potential toxicity at very high doses, it is undoubtedly an ingredient to consider avoiding in your dog's treats, especially as there are many more dog treat options on the market that do not contain any preservatives or only contain natural preservatives.
Sodium nitrate and nitrite are used as preservatives in dog foods and treats to increase the shelf life. Sodium nitrite is 10 times more toxic than sodium nitrate, and according to the MSD Vet Manual, nitrite poisoning usually appears suddenly with symptoms such as difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, anxiety, drooling, and frequent urination.
Whilst data on the exact effects of nitrate and nitrite on dogs is limited, an EFSA risk assessment indicates that high levels of nitrite can be harmful. Sodium nitrite can cause the formation of methaemoglobin (MetHb), which impairs oxygen transport in the blood. An incident involving high nitrite concentrations in pet food led to methaemoglobinaemia in both cats and dogs, resulting in the deaths of three cats and symptoms of ataxia and weakness in two of four affected dogs.
Given the potential health risks associated with sodium nitrate and nitrite, including severe symptoms and even death in extreme cases, it is prudent to avoid treats that contain these preservatives.
Artificial colours are commonly added to dog treats to enhance their visual appeal. However, these synthetic dyes can have detrimental effects on your dog's health. Research has shown that artificial food dyes can affect behaviour in other species. For example, a study conducted at UNESP, Brazil, found that the artificial dye ponceau red 4R (E124) increased anxious behaviours and, in males, led to more frequent aggression in Beagle dogs when included at higher levels in their diet.
Additionally, a review of US-approved dyes reveals significant health concerns. Red 3 is known to cause cancer in animals, whilst other dyes like Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6 have been found to be contaminated with carcinogens or cause hypersensitivity reactions. The review also indicates that Yellow 5 has shown genotoxicity in several studies. Overall, the inadequate testing and safety concerns suggest that these dyes should be removed from the food supply.
Given these potential risks, it is advisable to avoid dog treats containing artificial colours and opt for dog treats that do not use any colourants or at least use natural colourants like beetroot powder or spinach. These natural alternatives are not only safer but also provide added nutritional benefits.
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is a flavour enhancers that is commonly found in processed human foods, and it can also be present in some dog treats. MSG is used to enhance the palatability of food, making it more appealing to dogs. The concern surrounding MSG is that it is known to cause various adverse reactions in humans, including headaches, nausea, and chest pain.
Although there is limited research on the effects of MSG on dogs, there is reason to believe that it could cause health issues, as a study on rats indicated that chronic exposure to MSG led to increased mortality, fertility impairment, and abnormal liver and kidney functions in comparison to control rats that were not fed MSG.
MSG may be safe to consume in small doses. However, looking for natural dog treats or treats that use natural flavour enhancers such as chicken broth or herbs is always advisable.
Xylitol is a sugar alcohol commonly used as a sugar substitute in various human foods due to its low glycemic index and dental health benefits. Ingesting as little as 0.1 grams per kilogram of xylitol can put dogs at risk of hypoglycemia, which typically occurs within 30 to 60 minutes of ingestion. Symptoms of xylitol poisoning in your dog include vomiting, lethargy, and disorientation.
At higher doses of xylitol over 0.5 grams per kilogram, dogs face severe risks, including hepatotoxicosis and acute liver failure. Hypoglycemia can sometimes occur without initial signs of liver failure. The treatment for xylitol poisoning involves hospitalisation, with protocols differing based on the dose ingested.
The prognosis is generally favourable for dogs with uncomplicated hypoglycemia but is guarded to poor for those suffering from hepatotoxicosis and liver failure. Considering the severe risks, it is crucial to avoid treats containing xylitol and opt for safer alternatives to protect your dog's health.
Corn syrup is a sweetener derived from cornstarch and can sometimes be found in dog treats. This sweetener is often made from genetically modified crops that may contain harmful chemicals and pesticides. Corn syrup isn't toxic however, it is rapidly absorbed and metabolised, leading to spikes in blood sugar. This can be particulary concerning for dogs with diabetes or those prone to weight gain.
If a dog frequently consumes food or treats containing corn syrup, it can lead to insulin resistance, obesity, pancreatitis and diabetes.
It is best to avoid foods and treats containing corn syrup as it lacks any significant nutritional benefits and can, in fact, contribute to dog dental issues and gastrointestinal problems due to its high sugar content.
Corn gluten is a by-product of corn processing and is often used as a filler in dog treats. Whilst it provides protein, it lacks essential amino acids and other nutrients that dogs need for optimal health. Corn gluten can also be difficult for some dogs to digest, potentially leading to gastrointestinal issues. Additionally, dogs with corn allergies or sensitivities may experience adverse reactions. For better nutrition, opt for dog treats that use high-quality protein sources like chicken or fish instead of corn gluten.
Wheat gluten is commonly used in dog treats as a protein source and binding agent. However, it is a low-quality filler that can cause digestive problems and allergic reactions in some dogs. Wheat gluten lacks the essential nutrients needed for a well-balanced diet and can contribute to weight gain and other health issues. For superior nutrition, choose dog treats made with whole grains or grain-free options that provide better digestibility and nutritional value.
Whilst soy is a common filler in dog treats due to its cost-effectiveness and high protein content, it can pose significant risks to dogs. Allergies, digestive issues, and thyroid imbalances are potential problems. A study by the American Journal of Veterinary Research found that dogs fed a soy-based diet with a high isoflavone content had increased levels of certain hormones, like thyroxine and estradiol, which could affect thyroid and adrenal gland function. This suggests that long-term feeding of soy might impact dogs' hormone levels, although more research is needed to confirm this.
Additionally, soy is often genetically modified, raising concerns about its safety and potential long-term effects on a dog's health. For a healthier choice, look for dog treats that use more natural and nutrient-dense ingredients like meat, vegetables, and fruits instead of soy.
Cereal by-products, such as bran, middlings, and mill run, are often used in dog treats as inexpensive fillers. These by-products offer minimal nutritional value and can be difficult for dogs to digest. Over time, reliance on cereal by-products can contribute to nutritional deficiencies and health problems. To ensure your dog receives the best nutrition, select treats made with wholesome, high-quality ingredients and avoid those that rely on cereal by-products.
Meat by-products are commonly found in dog treats and dog foods, but not all meat by-products are created equal. These ingredients can include anything from organ meats to less desirable parts like beaks and feet. Whilst some organ meats can provide nutritional benefits, low-quality meat by-products often lack the essential nutrients your dog needs and may even pose health risks.
The primary concern with meat-by-products is the inconsistency in quality and source. Low-grade meat by-products can contain harmful additives, preservatives, and even contaminants that may affect your dog's health. For example, they might include by-products from diseased or dying animals, which could introduce harmful pathogens or toxins into your dog's diet.
According to the FDA, animal by-products (ABPs) are categorised based on their risk levels. Category 1, category 2 and category 3. For pet food, only Category 3 ABPs can be used, which include materials that were initially meant for human consumption but are deemed commercially unsuitable.
When choosing dog treats, prioritise those that list specific meats, such as "salmon", "chicken liver" or "beef heart," rather than vague terms like "meat by-products." This ensures you're providing your dog with high-quality, nutritious ingredients rather than potentially harmful fillers. Always read labels carefully and consider brands that prioritise transparency and quality in where they source their ingredients.
The most harmful ingredients to avoid in dog treats include artificial preservatives, artificial colours, and sweeteners like xylitol, which can cause severe health issues such as liver failure, hypoglycemia, and allergic reactions. Always check labels to ensure your dog's treats are free from these dangerous additives.
Artificial preservatives such as BHA, BHT, and ethoxyquin can be harmful to dogs as they have been linked to various health problems, including cancer, liver and kidney damage, and allergic reactions. Opt for dog treats that use natural preservatives to ensure your dog's safety and well-being.
Yes, natural preservatives like vitamin E (mixed tocopherols), vitamin C, and rosemary extract are generally safer for dog treats compared to artificial preservatives. They help maintain freshness without the adverse health risks associated with synthetic chemicals.
Fillers in dog treats often include ingredients like corn gluten, wheat gluten, soy, and cereal by-products, which provide little nutritional value and can cause digestive issues. Check the ingredient list for these terms to ensure your dog is getting high-quality, nutritious treats.
Not all meat by-products are bad for dogs. High-quality by-products can provide essential nutrients. However, it's crucial to avoid low-quality or unspecified meat by-products, as they can contain unhealthy or unsafe components. Look for dog treats that clearly specify the source of meat by-products.
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